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This study attempts to provide such information and compares the period of bleeding with that of established hypovolaemia.<\/jats:p>\n Eleven anaesthetized and ventilated greyhounds were bled and analyses of cardiopulmonary function made at fixed intervals both during and after haemorrhage. Six sequential patterns of cardiopulmonary and metabolic change were recognized. It was apparent that bleeding caused the first three phases of change, recovery from the effects of bleeding the next two and steady hypovolaemia the last. The event of bleeding is the main factor that elevates total peripheral resistance and reduces tissue perfusion with consequent lowering of oxygen consumption and alkalosis secondary to impaired carbon dioxide production; when bleeding ceases these changes partially reverse in a manner characteristic of that induced by the reinfusion of shed blood; and hypovolaemia per se has a relatively weak influence.<\/jats:p>\n These findings provide an explanation for disparities in previous published reports and have obvious clinical implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800660204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]],"date-time":"2007-03-02T17:30:48Z","timestamp":1172856648000},"page":"84-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sequential patterns of haemodynamic and metabolic changes in experimental hypovolaemic shock. I. 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C-reactive protein (CRP), resistin and P-selectin are serological inflammatory markers that rise during the acute stages of infection. Here, we propose such inflammatory biomarkers have a potential for use in urogenital schistosomiasis diagnostic screening for exposure and infection in preschool-aged children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nAs part of a larger study on urogenital schistosomiasis, 299 preschool children aged 1\u20135\u2009years were included in this cross-sectional study. Parasitological diagnosis was conducted using urine filtration for Schistosoma haemtobium<\/jats:italic> infection, and Kato Katz for S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection. Serum levels of P-selectin, resistin, CRP, and antibodies against S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> cercarial antigen preparation (CAP) and soluble worm antigen preparation (SWAP) were measured by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\nResults<\/jats:title>\nOf the 299 participants, 14% were egg positive for S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>. Serology showed 46 and 9% of the participants to have been exposed to S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> cercarial antigens and adult worm antigens, respectively. Levels of P-selectin were significantly higher in participants infected with S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> (egg-positive) than in uninfected participants (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001). Levels of P-selectin were also higher in those exposed to cercarial antigen than in unexposed participants (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019). There was a positive correlation between P-selectin and infection intensity (r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.172; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), as well as with IgM responses to CAP and SWAP (r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.183; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001); (r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.333; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.0001) respectively. CRP significantly correlated with IgM responses to CAP (r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.133; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029) while resistin correlated with IgM responses to CAP and SWAP (r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.127; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.016); (r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.197; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0004). CRP levels were higher in those exposed to cercarial and adult worm antigens than unexposed participants (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035); (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) respectively, while resistin was higher in participants exposed to cercarial antigen than unexposed participants (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\nIn this preschool population, P-selectin is significantly associated with urogenital schistosome infection and intensity; hence a potential biomarker for infection diagnosis and disease monitoring. The inflammatory biomarkers (P-selectin, Resistin and CRP) were significantly higher in participants exposed to cercarial antigens than unexposed individuals indicating an underlying inflammatory environment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4690-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T18:03:25Z","timestamp":1576778605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Elevation of C-reactive protein, P-selectin and Resistin as potential inflammatory biomarkers of urogenital Schistosomiasis exposure in preschool children"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Theresa N.","family":"Chimponda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Mushayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Derick N. 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The study aims and procedures were explained in the local language, Shona, prior to enrolment. Written informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians of the participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Co-author Takafira Mduluza is an Editorial Board Member for BMC Infectious Diseases. The rest of the authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1071"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:53:54Z","timestamp":1740135234064,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]],"date-time":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]],"date-time":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT098051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT098051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Evol Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Defining factors that contributed to the fixation of a high number of underdominant chromosomal rearrangements is a complex task because not only molecular mechanisms must be considered, but also the uniqueness of natural history attributes of each taxon. Ideally, detailed investigation of the chromosome architecture of an organism and related groups, placed within a phylogenetic context, is required. We used multiple approaches to investigate the dynamics of chromosomal evolution in lineages of bats with considerable karyotypic variation, focusing on the different facets contributing to fixation of the exceptional chromosomal changes in Tonatia saurophila<\/jats:italic>. Integration of empirical data with proposed models of chromosome evolution was performed to understand the probable conditions for Tonatia<\/jats:italic>\u2019s karyotypic evolution.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Results<\/jats:title>\n The trajectory of reorganization of chromosome blocks since the common ancestor of Glossophaginae and Phyllostominae subfamilies suggests that multiple tandem fusions, as well as disruption and fusions of conserved phyllostomid chromosomes were major drivers of karyotypic reshuffling in Tonatia<\/jats:italic>. Considerable variation in the rates of chromosomal evolution between phyllostomid lineages was observed. Thirty\u2013nine unique fusions and fission events reached fixation in Tonatia<\/jats:italic> over a short period of time, followed by ~12 million years of chromosomal stasis. Physical mapping of repetitive DNA revealed an unusual accumulation of LINE-1 sequences on centromeric regions, probably associated with the chromosomal dynamics of this genus.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Multiple rearrangements have reached fixation in a wave-like fashion in phyllostomid bats. Different biological features of Tonatia<\/jats:italic> support distinct models of rearrangement fixation, and it is unlikely that the fixations were a result of solely stochastic processes in small ancient populations. Increased recombination rates were probably facilitated by expansion of repetitive DNA, reinforced by aspects of taxon reproduction and ecology.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-015-0494-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]],"date-time":"2015-10-06T03:38:18Z","timestamp":1444102698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Integration of molecular cytogenetics, dated molecular phylogeny, and model-based predictions to understand the extreme chromosome reorganization in the Neotropical genus Tonatia (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cibele G.","family":"Sotero-Caio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Volleth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Federico G.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"LuAnn","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Holly A.","family":"Wichman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fengtang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"761","key":"494_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1086\/280996","volume":"75","author":"S Wright","year":"1941","unstructured":"Wright S. 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Few studies report the proportion of missing data and even fewer describe the methods used to adjust the results for missing data. The objective of this review was to determine the analytical methods used for analysis in HIV surveys with missing data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We searched for population, demographic and cross-sectional surveys of HIV published from January 2000 to April 2018 in Pub Med\/Medline, Web of Science core collection, Latin American and Caribbean Sciences Literature, Africa-Wide Information and Scopus, and by reviewing references of included articles. All potential abstracts were imported into Covidence and abstracts screened by two independent reviewers using pre-specified criteria. Disagreements were resolved through discussion. A piloted data extraction tool was used to extract data and assess the risk of bias of the eligible studies. Data were analysed through a quantitative approach; variables were presented and summarised using figures and tables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>A total of 3426 citations where identified, 194 duplicates removed, 3232 screened and 69 full articles were obtained. Twenty-four studies were included. The response rate for an HIV test of the included studies ranged from 32 to 96% with the major reason for the missing data being refusal to consent for an HIV test. Complete case analysis was the primary method of analysis used, multiple imputations 11(46%) was the most advanced method used, followed by the Heckman\u2019s selection model 9(38%). Single Imputation and Instrumental variables method were used in only two studies each, with 13(54%) other different methods used in several studies. Forty-two percent of the studies applied more than two methods in the analysis, with a maximum of 4 methods per study. 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All other authors declare no conflict of interest regarding support for the work under consideration, or for other projects, either financial or in kind from any third party, company or organisation whose finances or reputation may be affected by the publication of the work; any recent, existing or planned employment relationship or consultancy (whether paid or unpaid) any of the authors has with an organisation whose finances or reputation may be affected by the publication of the work; or any direct financial interest any of the authors or their spouses, parents or children has (personal shareholdings, consultancies, patents or patent applications) whose value could be affected by the publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The current analysis makes secondary use of pre-existing data from ALSPAC and MoBa participants who provided written informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Ethical approval in ALSPAC was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and NHS Research Ethics Committees. 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There was wide variability in the prevalence ofMycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>infection and tuberculosis (TB) disease across these communities. We sought to clarify whether specific communities could have been more\/less vulnerable toM. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>transmission as a result of sociological variety relevant to transmission efficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design<\/jats:title>We conducted a mixed methods secondary analysis using existing data sets. First, we analysed qualitative data to categorise and synthesise patterns of socio-spatial engagement across communities. Second, we compared emergent sociological variables with a measure of transmission efficiency: the ratio of the annual risk of infection to TB prevalence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Setting<\/jats:title>ZAMSTAR communities in urban and peri-urban Zambia, spanning five provinces.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Participants<\/jats:title>Fifteen communities, each served by a health facility offering TB treatment to a population of at least 25 000. TB notification rates were at least 400 per 100 000 per annum and HIV seroprevalence was estimated to be high.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Crowding, movement, livelihoods and participation in recreational activity differed across communities. Based on 12 socio-spatial indicators, communities were qualitatively classified as more\/less spatially crowded and as more\/less socially \u2018open\u2019 to contact with others, with implications for the presumptive risk ofM. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>transmission. For example, watching video shows in poorly ventilated structures posed a presumptive risk in more socially open communities, while outdoor farming and\/or fishing were particularly widespread in communities with lower transmission measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>A dual dynamic of \u2018social permeability\u2019 and crowding appeared relevant to disparities inM. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>transmission efficiency. To reduce transmission, certain socio-spatial aspects could be adjusted (eg, increasing ventilation on transport), while more structural aspects are less malleable (eg, reliance on public transport). 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