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Among the ecological effects of ALAN, changes in reproductive timing are frequently reported, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still poorly understood. Here, we experimentally investigated these mechanisms by assessing dose\u2010dependent photoperiodic responses to ALAN in the great tit (<jats:italic>Parus major<\/jats:italic>). We individually exposed photosensitive male birds to one of three nocturnal light levels (0.5, 1.5, and 5 lux), or to a dark control. Subsequent histological and molecular analyses on their testes indicated a dose\u2010dependent reproductive response to ALAN. Specifically, different stages of gonadal growth were activated after exposure to different levels of light at night. mRNA transcript levels of genes linked to the development of germ cells (<jats:italic>stra8<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>spo11<\/jats:italic>) were increased under 0.5 lux compared to the dark control. The 0.5 and 1.5 lux groups showed slight increases in testis size and transcript levels associated with steroid synthesis (<jats:italic>lhr<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>hsd3b1<\/jats:italic>) and spermatogenesis (<jats:italic>fshr, wt1, sox9<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>cldn11<\/jats:italic>), although spermatogenesis was not detected in histological analysis. In contrast, all birds under 5 lux had 10 to 30 times larger testes than birds in all other groups, with a parallel strong increase in mRNA transcript levels and clear signs of spermatogenesis. Across treatments, the volume of the testes was generally a good predictor of testicular transcript levels. Overall, our findings indicate that even small changes in nocturnal light intensity can increase, or decrease, effects on the reproductive physiology of wild organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]],"date-time":"2018-07-30T04:18:29Z","timestamp":1532924309000},"page":"473-487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Dose\u2010response effects of light at night on the reproductive physiology of great tits (<i>Parus major<\/i>): Integrating morphological analyses with candidate gene expression"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"329","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2063-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide M.","family":"Dominoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO\u2010KNAW)  Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0202-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maaike","family":"de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO\u2010KNAW)  Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Bellingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"O'Shaughnessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kees","family":"van Oers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO\u2010KNAW)  Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel E.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO\u2010KNAW)  Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Helm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"GELIFES, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"721","article-title":"Differentiation of chicken gonad as an endocrine organ: Expression of LH receptor, FSH receptor, cytochrome P450c17 and aromatase genes","volume":"123","author":"Akazome Y.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproduction (Bristol, United Kingdom)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"553","article-title":"Expression of prostaglandin D synthetase during development in the mouse testis","volume":"122","author":"Baker P. 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The gene expression profiles of samples of <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>, from independent chemostat cultures grown under defined and reproducible conditions, were found to be highly correlated. This approach is now being used to study the effect of relevant stimuli, such as limited oxygen availability, on mycobacterial gene expression. A modification of the chemostat culture system, enabling large\u2010volume controlled batch culture, has been developed to study starvation survival. Cultures of <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> have been maintained under nutrient\u2010starved conditions for extended periods, with 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\u201310<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup> bacilli surviving in a culturable state after 100 days. The design of the culture system has made it possible to control the environment and collect multiple time\u2010course samples to study patterns of gene expression. 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Genome-wide studies of the regulation of translation (translatome) performed on microarrays represent a substantial proportion of studies, alongside with recent advances in deep-sequencing methods. However, there has been a lack of development in specific processing methodologies that deal with the distinct nature of translatome array data. In this study, we confirm that polysome profiling yields skewed data and thus violates the conventional transcriptome analysis assumptions. Using a comprehensive simulation of translatome array data varying the percentage and symmetry of deregulation, we show that conventional analysis methods (Quantile and LOESS normalizations) and statistical tests failed, respectively, to correctly normalize the data and to identify correctly deregulated genes (DEGs). We thus propose a novel analysis methodology available as a CRAN package; Internal Control Analysis of Translatome (INCATome) based on a normalization tied to a group of invariant controls. We confirm that INCATome outperforms the other normalization methods and allows a stringent identification of DEGs. More importantly, INCATome implementation on a biological translatome data set (cells silenced for splicing factor PSF) resulted in the best normalization performance and an improved validation concordance for identification of true positive DEGs. 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Given the evident association between arts engagement and wellbeing, this study was designed to compare the predictors and patterns of home-based arts engagement during these lockdowns. Data analysed in this study were from the UK COVID-19 Social Study run by University College London. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify predictors of arts engagement and compare (i) respondents\u2019 engagement levels during the first lockdown in April\/May 2020 and their levels in pre-pandemic times (N = 23,086), (ii) their engagement levels during the second lockdown in November\/December 2020 with their levels during the first lockdown (N = 11,481), and (iii) their engagement levels during the third lockdown in January\/February 2021 with their levels during the first lockdown (N = 13,270). During first lockdown, 1 in 4 increased their arts engagement and 1 in 6 decreased it. Of those who increased, 2 in 5 maintained or further increased their engagement in subsequent lockdowns, but just 7% of those who had decreased their engagement increased it. Younger adults (aged 18\u201329) showed initial increases in first lockdown, whilst people who were not employed and those with a physical health condition showed decreases and people with a mental health condition showed changes during the first lockdown (both increases and decreases). Females and people with higher education showed continuous changes across the three lockdowns, with women being more likely to increase their engagement and those with higher education being less likely to decrease. People of ethnic minorities and those with higher income declined their engagement in the third lockdown. 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We report on the implementation and effectiveness of a linkage-to-care intervention in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the ANRS 12249 TasP trial on Universal Testing and Treatment (UTT) implemented between 2012\u20132016, resident individuals \u226516 years were offered home-based HIV testing every six months. Those ascertained to be HIV-positive were referred to trial clinics. Starting May 2013, a linkage-to-care intervention was implemented in both trial arms, consisting of tracking through phone calls and\/or home visits to \u201cre-refer\u201d people who had not linked to care to trial clinics within three months of the first home-based referral. Fidelity in implementing the planned intervention was described using Kaplan-Meier estimation to compute conditional probabilities of being tracked and of being re-referred by the linkage-to-care team. Effect of the intervention on time to linkage-to-care was analysed using a Cox regression model censored for death, migration, and end of data follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among the 2,837 individuals (73.7% female) included in the analysis, 904 (32%) were tracked at least once, and 573 of them (63.4%) were re-referred. Probabilities of being re-referred was 17% within six months of first referral and 31% within twelve months. Compared to individuals not re-referred by the intervention, linkage-to-care was significantly higher among those with at least one re-referral through phone call (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.82; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.47\u20132.25), and among those with re-referral through both phone call and home visit (aHR = 3.94; 95% CI = 2.07\u20137.48).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Phone calls and home visits following HIV testing were challenging to implement, but appeared effective in improving linkage-to-care amongst those receiving the intervention. Such patient-centred strategies should be part of UTT programs to achieve the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T18:48:10Z","timestamp":1674240490000},"page":"e0280479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Implementation and effectiveness of a linkage to HIV care intervention in rural South Africa (ANRS 12249 TasP trial)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8971-6878","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Plazy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adama","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thabile","family":"Hlabisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nonhlanhla","family":"Okesola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Iwuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kobus","family":"Herbst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"France","family":"Lert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuala","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deenan","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Dabis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7097-700X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph","family":"Larmarange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Orne-Gliemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"for the ANRS TasP Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0280479.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. 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Implementation of the universal Test and Treat strategy for HIV positive patients and differenciates care for stable patients. 2016. [cited 07\/07\/2017]. http:\/\/www.sahivsoc.org\/Files\/22%208%2016%20Circular%20UTT%20%20%20Decongestion%20CCMT%20Directorate.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0280479.ref038","unstructured":"Health department of the Republic of South Africa. National HIV testing services: policy. 2016. 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Effective therapeutic interventions for anomia typically involve massed practice at high doses. This requires significant investment from patients and therapists. Aphasia researchers have increasingly looked to neurostimulation to accelerate these treatment effects, but the evidence behind this intervention is sparse and inconsistent. Here, we hypothesised that group-level neurostimulation effects might belie a more systematic structure at the individual level. We sought to test the hypothesis by attempting to predict the immediate (online), individual-level behavioural effects of anodal and sham neurostimulation in 36 chronic patients with anomia, performing naming and size judgement tasks. Using clinical, (pre-stimulation) behavioural and MRI data, as well as Partial Least Squares regression, we attempted to predict neurostimulation effects on accuracies and reaction times of both tasks. Model performance was assessed via cross-validation. Predictive performances were compared to that of a null model, which predicted the mean neurostimulation effects for all patients. Models derived from pre-stimulation data consistently outperformed the null model when predicting neurostimulation effects on both tasks\u2019 performance. Notably, we could predict behavioural declines just as well as improvements. In conclusion, inter-patient variation in online responses to neurostimulation is, to some extent, systematic and predictable. Since declines in performance were just as predictable as improvements, the behavioural effects of neurostimulation in patients with anomia are unlikely to be driven by placebo effects. However, the online effect of the intervention appears to be as likely to interfere with task performance as to improve it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14030331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T06:07:53Z","timestamp":1709273273000},"page":"331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predicting Online Behavioural Responses to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Stroke Patients with Anomia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Thomas M. H.","family":"Hope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK"},{"name":"Department of Education, University of Roma Tre, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sasha","family":"Ondobaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haya","family":"Akkad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Nardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, University of Roma Tre, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3322-496X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Pappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathy J.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0831-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander P.","family":"Leff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8080-6562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer T.","family":"Crinion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laine, M., and Martin, N. (2013). Anomia: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203759561"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady, M.C., Kelly, H., Godwin, J., Enderby, P., and Campbell, P. (2016). Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000425.pub4"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.4.2.211","article-title":"Drug treatment of poststroke aphasia","volume":"4","author":"Bakheit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.08.015","article-title":"tDCS in post-stroke aphasia: The role of stimulation parameters, behavioral treatment and patient characteristics","volume":"63","author":"Paolazzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008","volume":"1","author":"Nitsche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.05.050","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to improve naming ability in post-stroke aphasia: A critical review","volume":"332","author":"Alharbi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. 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Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Only a fraction of the estimated tenth or so of Senegalese who are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been diagnosed. Of these, few have been assessed for their risk of progressing to potentially fatal liver disease (indicating need for treatment), and fewer still are taking antiviral drugs. A massive gap between those needing and getting treatment is widely acknowledged among experts. But given that HBV and its biomedical treatment options are largely invisible in bodies, health data, care practices, public messaging, or mass media, how can we observe, ethnographically, the effects of constraints on and inequalities in treatment? What are the stakes of access to drugs, when this access is not being sought out, claimed, or enacted? This article tackles these questions by examining how HBV is being enacted in Senegal, but not necessarily in relation to antiviral treatment. I first describe the emergence, over the past decade and a half, of an exclusionary topography of HBV diagnosis and treatment. I introduce the notion of \u201cfiltration\u201d to describe the effects of this topography on the formation of potential \u201csubjects of access.\u201d The diagnostic therapies and expertise required to determine need for treatment are expensive, urban, and largely privatized. Moreover, knowledge about HBV and its possibilities of care circulates in narrow and sparsely distributed channels. Only a tiny minority of persons are effectively \u201cfiltered into\u201d care, while issues of access remain largely outside of public debate. I then move onto small-scale efforts, led by rural primary health workers and community associations, to raise awareness of and expand screening for HBV. Those driving information and screening either do not reveal that effective drugs exist or locate these beyond the reach of most of their audiences or patients. Why then do they do it? I examine the logics and effects of their work to identify the forms of inclusion, care, efficacy, and explanation these open up. At the same time, I seek to discern the indirect effects of unequal access to knowledge and resources in the ambivalence, uncertainties, and contradictions that pervade these efforts to inform, diagnose, and advise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.561428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T08:36:32Z","timestamp":1618216592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Filtering Inequality: Screening and Knowledge in Senegal\u2019s Topography of Hepatitis B Care"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Noemi","family":"Tousignant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e507","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30140-1","article-title":"Screen-and-treat for chronic hepatitis B: an overdue issue for sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"4","author":"Allain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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